Analysis of Biff in Death of a Salesman Essay - 1584 Words

Camilla Tanzi Year 12 An analysis of the character of Biff. Biff Loman is portrayed as the root of Willy’s mental illness and instability. He is also the only member of his family who acknowledges his own failures in life. On the whole, Biff Loman stands out as the most intriguing and strong character in â€Å"Death of a Salesman. He is not a successful man and never will be, he is however able to admit this, even in a harsh society as the one of the 1960s America. Biff knows he is a â€Å"nothing† and tries to make his father see that he is â€Å"no good. I am a dime a dozen, Pop, and so are you.† He begs for Willy to communicate with him and accept him for who he is. Although Willy is forced by Biff to see some of his own failures, he never†¦show more content†¦The author could possibly be implying that Willy is actually envious of Bernard and even though he doesn’t want to admit it, his is just jealousy when he shows aversion towards him. Willy has different ambitions for his sons’ futures than most people had for theirs at the time; he believes that sport will be enough to help Biff succeed in the business world, make him rich and notorious; â€Å"That’s just what I mean, Bernard can get the best marks in school, y’understand, but when he gets out in the business world, y’understand, you’re going to be five times ahead of him.† Arthur Miller provides us with a lot of evidence that Willy has been a bad influence on Biff. While Biff is in some ways desperate to impress his father, he is also conscious about the fact that Willy has failed his attempt to be successful in his career. He considers his dad’s dreams materialistic and unreachable. As a matter of fact, in the Requiem, even after his father’s death, Biff says: â€Å"He had the wrong dreams. All, all wrong.† Unlike Happy and Willy, Biff is self-aware and values facts; Willy never was a successful salesman and he never wanted to face the truth. On the other hand, Biff is conscious about his failures and the weaknesses of his personality. During an argument with his father, Biff admits that his dad made him â€Å"so arrogant as a boy† that now he just can’t handle takingShow MoreRelatedWilly from Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller: Abandoned and Flawed798 Words   |  4 Pages The dramatic play Death of a Salesman, composed by Arthur Miller in 1949 portrays the hours leading up to Willy Loman’s death. Willy is a sixty-year-old salesman living in Brooklyn New York with his wife Linda and after thirty-five years working as a traveling salesman he feels defeated by his lack of success and difficult family life. As a salesman, Willy Loman focuses more on personality and being well liked by everyone than actual skills. When he returns early from a business trip it is apparentRead MoreArthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman1027 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis of Tragic Heroism of Biff Loman in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller This literary study will define the tragic heroism of Biff Loman in Arthur Miller’s play The Death of a Salesman. Biff is initially a victim of Willy’s continual harassment to make more money and find a better career. In this family unit, Biff must endure the unrealistic and fantasy-based elusions of his father in his fanatical pursuit of the American Dream. However, Biff soon learns of Willy’s extra-marital betrayalRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play Death Of A Salesman 954 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish IV Death of a Salesman Written Assignment Death of a Salesman Character Analysis 1.Willy Loman. Although the main protagonist of the play, Willy Loman does not come to a certain self-realization. Searching and sifting through his memories (which cannot be completely taken as the truth as he reinvents them in a way to make them out as a golden era) he fails to recognize his slanted reality he’s lived in made up of his delusions. His forged relationship with his son Biff, is basedRead MoreCriticism of Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Essay1474 Words   |  6 PagesCriticism of Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman I found Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman, while a definite classic, not as interesting as other Miller plays. For example, ‘All my Sons is a story about an unscrupulous businessman who lies in court to save himself from certain imprisonment, sends his business partner to prison, and eventually commits suicide once one of his sons uncovers his devious plot. The intrigue, excitement, and setting were easy to follow, enjoyable and riveting. ConverselyRead MoreDeath Of Salesman By F. Scott Fitzgerald1515 Words   |  7 PagesKennedy once said, â€Å"Change is the law of life. 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Within the ideal American society, citizens believe that theRead MoreComparing Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller and Fences by August Wilson 1403 Words   |  6 PagesFences written by August Wilson and Death of a Salesman written by Arthur Miller are two plays that could be considered very different in terms of their plot. The plots of both plays contain two very different cultural backgrounds which affects each protagonist differently. If the reader or audience looks past the plot into the theme and symbolisms used they can see that the plays are more simil ar than they are different. In spite of the different cultural backgrounds of each protagonist they bothRead MoreAmerican Dream Derailed in The Great Gatsby and Death of a Salesman1486 Words   |  6 Pagesdreams gave many different meanings to the phrase â€Å"American dream†, and for the most part, wealth and hard work play a very large role in the pursuit of â€Å"the dream†. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel, The Great Gatsby, and Arthur Miller’s drama, Death of a Salesman, both protagonists, Jay Gatsby and Willy Loman, are convinced that the way to achieve a better life is by living the â€Å"American dream†. However, the dream does not end up successfully for these two characters. In fact, their ideals and hopesRead MoreKing Lear and Death of a Salesman Essay672 Words   |  3 Pagesfour hundred years perceive society and the effect this has on the protagonists; Shakespeare’s King Lear which was first performed in 1606 during the Jacobe an era, presents a patriarchal society. Whilst, Arthur Miller uses the characters in ‘Death of a salesman’ to show the failure of the ‘American dream’ during the â€Å"golden era† of America in the late 40’s. The ‘American Dream’ was a set of ideals which suggested that anyone in the US could be successful through hard work, and had the potential toRead More Death of a Salesman is a Tragedy as Defined in Millers Tragedy and the Common Man1046 Words   |  5 PagesDeath of a Salesman is a Tragedy as Defined in Millers Tragedy and the Common Man In Tragedy and the Common Man, Arthur Miller discusses his definition and criteria for tragedy as they apply to the common man. The criteria and standards proposed by Miller may be used to evaluate his timeless work, Death of A Salesman. The first major standard of tragedy set forth is:   â€Å"...if the exaltation of tragic action were truly a property of the high-bred character alone, it is inconceivable that

Steve Jobs An Essential Features Of Human Life - 1209 Words

From the beginning, change is an essential feature of human life. During the course of life, everyone has two choices. Those choices are the following: make a change or be a part of the change. Typically, people are not accustomed to making changes since it requires adaption or accommodation to disrupt the status quo. There are a select few individuals who dare to stand up and revolutionize the course of history. Those free spirits are acknowledged as nonconformists. They stand up for something world does not accept. At first they are challenged (face adversity), but afterwards they succeed. The human race runs with a set of values defined by culture and traditions and usually tends to resist any kind of revolution. There is not enough room to break this set of human made rules. If you’re brave enough to break the tradition, people will consider you misunderstood; however, these people are the ones who later remember you as their hero. One such hero is Steve Jobs; a well-know n entrepreneur from the 20th century. On 24th February 1955, a child was born to a graduate student and her Syrian boyfriend in the city of San Francisco. She placed him for adoption, as her conservative parents were not ready to accept her relationship and the child. Fortunately he got extraordinary parental love and care from his adopters, Paul Reinhold Jobs and Clara Jobs, so his course of life was not affected by the rejection of his own biological parents. This child was named Steve Jobs. WhenShow MoreRelatedHuman s Problems And Issues1562 Words   |  7 Pagesperspectives using the distinct feature of design thinking. Thus, this leads to develop and create new methods that meet the consumer’s requirements and needs. Steve Jobs is one of the most successful entrepreneur in the world that has provoked various solutions to the customers throughout analysing the critical problems and considering all the opinion of the customers using empathy. 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In fact, the desire for the esteem of others is as real a want of nature as hunger, while the contempt and neglect of the world are as severe as a pain. The story of how Apple invented the wireless business has been told by many people, numerous times. The first iPhone that was shown off by Steve Jobs back in 2007 during the annual Macworld conventionRead MoreTwenty First Century Technology1028 Words   |  4 PagesToday in the twenty first century technology is used in everyday life and could even be said that in today’s life it is needed or essential to have, and one of the most recognizable figures of modern technology is Steven Paul Jobs or as the whole world knows him; Steve Jobs the charismatic former chairmen, co-founder and CEO of Apple Inc. ‘father’ to the iMac, iPod, iPad, and iPhone. â€Å"A man with three personas: a life on stage, at work and at home. 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Accounting information System Producing Prolong Foodstuff

Question: Describe about the Accounting information System for Producing Prolong Foodstuff. Answer: Introduction Baking comprises the activities of producing prolong foodstuff such as bread, meat, and cakes without directs exposure to heat. B Bakers is one of the organizations which has involved itself in baking activities of producing prolong food stuff are manufactured without direct exposure to heat. The company is a family own organization that been in operational for the last 50 years, the firm has employed over 70 employees who have played a key role in increasing and improving the company performance. The information indicates that the company has increased its sales revenue to more than $13.5 million during the past year. While the company revenue increases, B-Bakers Company has installed the substantial and strategic measures which have allowed it operation to improve and thus improving the company performance. B-Bakers Company has embrace relevant information system by adopting the importance of enterprise resource planning measures. Financial accounting is a formal and a wide spread of accessing accounting informations in an organization. It provides the relevant information on how the company accounting system operates as well as how they are utilized in delivering best products and services to the clients. Based on the report, B-Bakers Company has to install on the Accounting Information System which will improve on the accounting information which is disclosed to the stakeholder in order to measure the company performance in terms of its financial performance and position in the market. Business Process B-Bakers Company operates many activities which require to explicit better company performance, this will allow the company to gain a competitive advantage over other market players in the environment (Ward, and Peppard, 2016) The B-Bakers company activities entail evaluating production materials, production cost as well as essential cost which are used by the company during its production process. Inventory evaluation is also what the company should focus on implementing the strategic measure which will make the company not making regular losses which may arise as a result of high or low inventory turnover (Song, Wang, and Cen, 2015). An ERP is a complex arrangement active application intended to incorporate the procedures and capacities inside the operational organization (Urqua, Prez, and Muoz, 2011). This framework provides a holistic vision of the organization's business by sharing a typical and incorporated database. In the time of the ERP framework, the AIS have ended up wealthier. The measure of data has turned out to be more essential, and the information is upgraded significantly to the company activities. The utilization of new management bookkeeping strategies that meet the internal and external needs of the business enterprise embraces the involvement of the company management in implementing the Enterprise Resource policies and procedures (Soudani, 2012). Business requirement B-Bakers Company provides a variety of products which are supplied to wholesale and retail business enterprise. Business requirement is often what the organization require and not what to be improved. A business organization is required to make specific requirement which seeks to improve its production in terms of producing quality products which meet the consumer's demand in the market (Soudani, 2012). B-Bakers company have to make a decisive decision which will reflect their performance in the market, the company is required to allow its employee to contribute during decision-making process particularly when discussing the factors and issues relating to the enterprise resource planning and Accounting information system (Pearlson, Saunders, and Galletta., 2016). The company is required to ensure that it has implemented on the strategic measure which is relevant to their operation, the element of enterprise resource planning should be the foundation of the company success. Accounting information system should be well defined in the company, this also is the basis of the company success since it will use to obtained accurate and reduce errors and frauds relating to financial accounting. Purchasing of equipment is also the primary requirement of the B-Bakers company. The company is required to ensure that equipment used during the production process are relevant to the operation, they should not increase the company losses by wasting the raw materials to be used during the production process (Patel, Ranabahu, and Shet, 2009). The company is required to ensure that the accounting softwares display accuracy and produces relevant information is used while making the financial decision. Business requirement outcome The mission of the B-Bakers Company is to produce desirable bakery products which are costly friendly and clean to the environment. B-Bakers Company has to ensure that it achieves its mission and objectives by allowing the employee to participate in decision-making process. An employee is the key stakeholders of the company; their participation decision-making process allows the company to make the comprehensive decision which will improve its operations in the market (Pearlson, Saunders, and Galletta., 2016). While striving towards achieving its goals of improving the reputation of the products in the market, B-Bakers Company has the obligation of ensuring that the enterprise resource planning is well comprehended with regard to the operations. The strategic measure of accounting information system as part of the Enterprise Resource Planning should be well embraced by the company (Pearlson, 2016). The company has to use significance accounting system which will reflect the financial operation relating to the activities of the company, this will allow the company to produce products which are cost effective and are affordable to the consumers in the market, the accounting information obtained from using the pertinent accounting system should be used in making fundamental decision for the company. The requirement of the purchasing relevant equipment is also vital in achieving the organization objectives, the increase in profitability making requires the company to ensure that the equipment used during the production process does not increase company losses by wasting much of raw material, the equipment should also be linked with the accounting system which is installed by the company management (Patel, Ranabahu, and Shet, 2009). Systems Requirements System Requirement Accounting information systems (AISs), is a large part of the study report, it is embraced to be the overall application of information technology IT in a business accounting system. B-Bakers have to embrace on essential approaches of investment in IT; this will allow the company to achieve its objective within its time framework. Increasing in income is one of the company objectives in IT investment, investing in IT implies the application of the significant accounting information systems which are the essential elements of information technology. The company is obligated in observing on the IT investment measure which will allow it to increase its income and profitability making as well as improving the company operations (Moghadam, H.M., Akhavansaffa, Bakhshaei. and MirHosseini, 2013). The company should invest in IT based on the features of the accounting software which are relevant to their operation in the market. Identifying the relevant feature as well as the function of the required softwares in the company will be a platform of improving achieving the strategic goals and objectives of the company. Interoperability Interoperability is one of the features which the company should focus on while push towards adopting the new accounting information systems. Interoperability is explained to be an element of accounting software which the data produce by the software could be used in the different sections of the company. The company should ensure that they adopt software which produces appropriate data which could be used in decision making (KneÃ…Â ¾eviĆ¡, S., StankoviĆ¡, A. and Tepavac, 2012). Automatic updates This is also a prime factor which should be considered by B-Bakers Company while making the decision on what software to be used in their operation. The company has the responsibility of ensuring that they get an automatic update of information, the information should be ease to be updated and should reflect the general production process of the company (Kaplan,. and Atkinson, 2015). Software Selection Accounting software is explained to be a type of application software that is used to record and process the financial transaction within functional modules such as the payroll, accounts payable and accounts receivable (Ibrahim, A., 2013). Accounting software is one of the key elements of enterprise resource planning in an organization. B-Bakers should evaluate the considerable accounting software which suits their operation. The company should evaluate and understand the accounting software that will allow them to achieve their mission with minimum limiting factors (Ismail, and King, 2014). SAP accounting software SAP offers a full-highlighted suite of financial management capacities accessible in its SAP ERP Financials platform and in addition various different modules. SAP accounting programming empowers organizations to enhance understanding into their fiscal procedures by streamlining accounting systems and better-overseeing hazard. Your organization additionally has the alternative to coordinate this platform with one of the merchant's Business Objects answers for a complete business management framework. SAP ERP is a comprehensive software platform that saps accounting software enables open communication inside and between all organization capacities. It gives continuous deceivability into the organizations procedures, which reduces errors, enhance communication and streamline the financial operations of the company. Xero accounting software Xero is an accounting package that was developed by the Xero Company in Australia in 2006; this was after the inception of the company. Xero is an alternative of Intuit QuickBooks; it is online financial software that is used by Small Business Enterprises. The software offers the variety of financial service such as inventory evaluation, payroll system. The development of the Xero accounting software is observed to be the best advancement of proving the company activities. This is because of its uniqueness in term of functionalities and features (Song, 2015). Xero accounting software allows the company to aces its information at any time anywhere, and therefore, Xero software embraces the automatic updates of company information thus allows the company to make a comprehensive decision which the data obtained from Xero is used as the basis of the decision. MYOB accounting software MYOB is accounting software that was developed by Christopher Lee and a group of developers at Teleware. The accounting software was developed by Australian multinational company which provides the hosting website for small medium business, the company software products allows providing accounting services which relate to employee payroll system, inventory evaluation in relation to the production process in the company. Category of accounting software suitable for the firm Enterprise Resource Planning is explained to be business management software which allows operating companies to utilize the intergraded application to manage and automate their operations relating to technology, services, and human resource elements (Ibrahim, 2013). B-Bakers Company is a developing manufacturing company which has the obligation of analyzing the risk as well as the misfortunes that might affect their activities in the bakery industry. The company is mandated to implement on the ERP and accounting information system policies which will act as the pillars of its success (Ismail, 2014). Xero software is the appropriate accounting technological software that suits the company operations. Xero offers the variety of financial services which includes the payroll system, inventory evaluation where very information relating to the company operations are clouded (KneÃ…Â ¾eviĆ¡, 2012). The online accounting software allows the barking company to aces it relevant information at any other time, thus allows the company management to make an influential decision regarding the firm production process (Kaplan, 2015). Xero software will be used by the company since it allows diversification of the company operation, this, therefore, supports the financial decision which is made by the management while they embrace their involvement in Enterprise Resource Planning as well as their participation in implementing the Accounting information system under the IT investment process(Moghadam, 2013). Vendor Selection This part of the report provides the authentication of accounting software which is realized to be relevant to the operations of a baking company. The accounting information system allows the company management to tail on the comprehensive decision-making process which will support the positive running of the organization. Features and function of two accounting software packages SAP Accounting Software SAP accounting software is one of the leading accounting systems which is used by the SMEs organizations. It is accounting software which offers the variety of financial related services which are used by the organizational management (Buyya, Yeo, Venugopal, Broberg, and Brandic, 2009). Feature of SAP Accounting Software SAP support the global financial reporting principles, this implies that it allows the company to operate using different languages and currencies of different versions. B-Bakers Company has been operating for the last 50 years and it ought to segment its market to the different region. SAP allows the company operates in various regions, and thus aiding in achieving the strategic goals of the company (Buyya, Yeo, Venugopal, Broberg, and Brandic, 2009). SAP is accounting software that comprises the integrated solution which combines core financial as well as providing the report on the capabilities associated with management performance and the supply chain. B-Bakers management have the mandate of ensuring that they implement on the relevant administration of the company based on complying with the policies of accounting integrated systems (Christauskas, and Miseviciene, 2012). SAP accounting software is an element of ERP adopted by the small business organization, the software has the ability to improve finance, customer relationship with the company, procurement, supply procedure and defining the human resource contribution towards achieving the company strategic goals and objectives (Chang, 2016). Function of SAP Accounting Software SMEs organizations who need the powerful abilities of a completely highlighted SAP ERP solution with included adaptability and more spending plan cordial value offerings will discover SAP accounting software as one the platform. The accounting software covers the majority business needs, from monetary management and client relationship management to stock observing and business intelligence functionality (Hall, 2012). Small size organizations and large business enterprise will gain more by adopting the use of the fully featured accounting system. The accounting software allows the companies to get access to scalable business standards that will allow the company to gain the competitive advantage in the market (Grabski, Leech, and Schmidt, 2011). Xero accounting software In comparison with SAP accounting software, Xero has specific feature with QuickBooks accounting software. Xero accounting software is a leading online Enterprise Resource Planning element that is commonly used by the Small Medium Enterprises; the software offers different financial service which is relevant while running the operation of an organization (Chang, 2016). Feature of Xero accounting software Xero accounting software is a cloud base accounting system. The accounting package entails collaborative bookkeeping features. It allows the company to access the latest business accounting numeric which is accurate, it supports the financial decision which are used by the management to accomplishment the strategic goals and objectives (Grabski, Leech, and Schmidt, 2011). Xero accounting package is considered to be the leading software which used by operating business organization which operates it business activities using the internet. Xero software possesses a unique and noble feature which allows the company to connect its transaction with bank accounts; Xero accounting software automatically synchronizes banks accounts with the latest banking services such as credit cards and PayPal transactions. Xero accounting package allows the company to connect with its customers, the accounting package allows the company to create an exceptional and professional invoice as well as providing an even schedule (Gelinas, Dull, and Wheeler, 2011). Functions of Xero accounting software Xero accounting package plays a key role in the decision-making process of the company, it allows the company to access the historical information which relates to the financial performance of the company. Xero accounting software allows the company management to make a comprehensive decision which relates to inventory evaluation and analyzing the production of the baking products with regard to the equipment used by the employees (Collier, P.M., 2015). Best accounting software vendor Adoption of new Enterprise Resource Planning and Accounting information System will enhance the accomplishment of the strategic goals and objectives of the company. B-Bakers is a small business organization which has needed to improve in its production of services, the company management has the mandatory of responsively implementing the strategic accounting measure which will reduce the company milestone which prevents the company operations (Demski, 2013). Xero accounting software is a leading adopted accounting software which commonly used by the SMEs business organization. B-Bakers of recommended to utilize the function of Xero accounting packages. Xero accounting package will enhance the company has diversified its operation by segmenting its market by using the online available data. Xero accounting software is appropriate to the baking company because it is affordable to purchase, it installation is also easy (Du, Huddart, and Xue, 2015). The software is easy to be used by all company stakeholders. Customers use the online data to obtain the products produced by the company. The development of the Xero software has been observed to be the best progression, this implies on its functionality in the business organization (Elbashir, Collier, and Sutton, 2011). Xero software is the appropriate accounting technological software that suits the company operations. Xero offers the variety of financial services which includes the payroll system, inventory evaluation where very information relating to the company operations are clouded. The online accounting software allows the barking company to aces it relevant information at any other time, thus allows the company management to make the influential decision regarding the firm production process (Domeika, 2015). Xero software will be used by the company since it allows diversification of the company operation, this, therefore, supports the financial decision which is made by the management while they embrace their involvement in Enterprise Resource Planning (Geerts, 2011). The automatic update of the data by the software shows that the software is appropriate accounting package which allows the accomplishment of strategic objectives of the company. Updating the company operation on the daily basis of the company activities allows the company to cope with any changing aspects of the market environment (Ferris, 2008). Dynamic change in the internal and external market environment will force the company to use the appropriate accounting system, Xero accounting software becoming one of the elements of new accounting information systems. Conclusion In conclusion, the paper has elaborated on the enterprise resource planning strategies which are significant to the baking companies. Accounting information system is explained to be an improved structure which the business is using to collect, store, retrieved and process its organizational data which are used by the business stakeholders including management and employees such as the accountants (Buyya, Yeo, Venugopal, Broberg, and Brandic, 2009). Enterprise Resource Planning and accounting information system in an operational company are the primary pillars which are used by the management while they determine the success of their business organization, they provide the pertinent strategic at which the company will produce its products and services. Therefore, the Enterprise Resource Planning and Accounting information System will enhance the accomplishment of the strategic goals and objectives of the company (Anandarajan, Anandarajan and Srinivasan, 2012.). The research report has comprehended the role played by the top manager while they evaluate and implement policies and significant principles of accounting information systems. The paper has evaluated the accounting softwares which are commonly used by the small business enterprise. Xero accounting software is embraced to be an online accounting software which is also to be a cloud saving financial package used by the accounting, its essentiality is described by it an exceptional feature which allows the business enterprise to accomplish its strategic goal (Al-Hiyari, AL-Mashre, and Mat, 2013). MYOB accounting software provides accounting services which relate to employee payroll system, inventory evaluation in relation to the production process in the company. SAP is accounting software that comprises the integrated solution which combines core financial as well as providing report on the capabilities associated with management performance and the supply chain. Reference Al-Hiyari, A., AL-Mashre, M.H.H. and Mat, N.K.N., 2013. Factors that affect accounting information system implementation and accounting information quality: A survey in University Utara Malaysia. American Journal of Economics, 3(1), pp.27-31.k Anandarajan, M., Anandarajan, A. and Srinivasan, C.A. eds., 2012. Business intelligence techniques: a perspective from accounting and finance. Springer Science Busines Media. Buyya, R., Yeo, C.S., Venugopal, S., Broberg, J. and Brandic, I., 2009. Cloud computing and emerging IT platforms: Vision, hype, and reality for delivering computing as the 5th utility. Future Generation computer systems, 25(6), pp.599-616. Chang, J.F., 2016. Business process management systems: strategy and implementation. CRC Press. 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What is performance studies NYU and Northwestern define an elusive field Essay Example For Students

What is performance studies? NYU and Northwestern define an elusive field Essay Performance studies is the ideal field of study for the intellectually promiscuous. In what other academic program can you research the death rituals of the Yanomamo tribe, compare them to the construction of the self in a Jane Fonda exercise video, and then present your findings in the form of a modern dance piece? This particular project has yet to be undertaken, but compared to a list of actual performances studies dissertations written by students at Northwestern and New York universities, it doesnt seem that far out: Playing at Death, Performance, Play and Pigs in Hawthornes Social Romances, The Peasants Theatre Experiment in Ding Xian County So what is performance studies, anyway? Depends on who you ask. But rest assured, the answer will never be brief. Pressed for a one-sentence definition of the term, Dwight Conquergood, the recently appointed chair of the department of performance studies at Northwestern University in Evanston, Ill., ventured, We begin with the definition of humankind as homo performance, as an essentially performing creature, and pick up where theatre leaves off, and then continued, We study text through performance, but non-dramatic texts: autobiographies, diaries, prison notebooks, poems, novels, short stories, ethnographies, oral traditions and so forth. And then we move toward nonwestern, non-elite performance practicescelebrations, rituals and ceremoniesmoving to the whole performance -perspective on the theatricality of everyday life. We will write a custom essay on What is performance studies? NYU and Northwestern define an elusive field specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Joe Roach, Conquergoods counterpart at New York University, puts it this way, Performance studies is organized around what Richard Schechner calls restored behaviorthat which can be recreated, reenacted and reinvented. Its poised on the cusp of the arts and the human sciences, embracing anthropology and theatre (and dance and music) and the performance of everyday life. But more than a topic, performance studies is a methoda way of looking at human behavior from a point of view that emphasizes actions that can be recreated. Confused? Perhaps its easier to approach the question from an institutional perspective. Presently, there are two full-fledged performance studies departments in the country. Northwestern University offers graduate and undergraduate degrees in the subject; New York University, graduate degrees only. Both programs evolved somewhat independently, and now are spawning offshoots in institutions as far-flung as California Institute of the Arts and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Northwesterns department of performance studies traces its roots back to the 19th century, to the oldest department in the universitys school of speech. It was originally called the department of elocution, then the department of oral interpretation, then the department of interpretation, and finally, in 1984, it took its current name. The departments commitment to the oral interpretation of literature has remained steadfast since the beginning, though the definition of oral has been broadened to include other performative modes such as song and movement, and the definition of literature has been broadened to includein Conquergoods wordsany human document. More simply put, in Northwesterns program, performance is both the subject and the method of study. Its students study performance, and then often perform their research. While Northwesterns department was on its second or third name-change, NYUs was still just the seed of an idea, germinating in New Orleans. At the time, Tulane University housed a journal called the Tulane Drama Review (formerly the Carlton Drama Review and now TDR), the central repository for the ideas of performance studies, according to Roach. Then, in 1967, several Tulane faculty membersincluding Richard Schechnermigrated to Greenwich Village to establish the graduate drama department at NYU: more than 10 years later the department was renamed performance studies. Its character was forged by the avant garde performance movement of the 60s, and it retains to this day some of its original spirit of experiment and play. Scholars at NYU freely borrow analytical tools from many disciplinesanthropology, feminist theory, semiotics, movement analysis, psychologyand use them to examine performances of all kinds. .u376d3068df4683ff81a14f5aa65910b6 , .u376d3068df4683ff81a14f5aa65910b6 .postImageUrl , .u376d3068df4683ff81a14f5aa65910b6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u376d3068df4683ff81a14f5aa65910b6 , .u376d3068df4683ff81a14f5aa65910b6:hover , .u376d3068df4683ff81a14f5aa65910b6:visited , .u376d3068df4683ff81a14f5aa65910b6:active { border:0!important; } .u376d3068df4683ff81a14f5aa65910b6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u376d3068df4683ff81a14f5aa65910b6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u376d3068df4683ff81a14f5aa65910b6:active , .u376d3068df4683ff81a14f5aa65910b6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u376d3068df4683ff81a14f5aa65910b6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u376d3068df4683ff81a14f5aa65910b6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u376d3068df4683ff81a14f5aa65910b6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u376d3068df4683ff81a14f5aa65910b6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u376d3068df4683ff81a14f5aa65910b6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u376d3068df4683ff81a14f5aa65910b6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u376d3068df4683ff81a14f5aa65910b6 .u376d3068df4683ff81a14f5aa65910b6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u376d3068df4683ff81a14f5aa65910b6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Greek Theater EssayThe differences between these two flagship programs are evidenced by their past and present course lists. Northwesterns lists lean toward the literaryPerforming Modern and Contemporary Poetry, Shakespeare: Performance and Criticism, Non-fiction studieswhile NYUs smack of lusty, dusty anthropologyCommodity Fetishism, Fieldwork of Performance, Sexuality on Stage. (For years, the joke went around NYUs halls that the sexier the course title, the dryer and more theoretical the actual class.) The dissertations produced at Northwestern and NYU also give some clues to the programs differences. At Northwestern, youll see titles like A Structural Analysis of Arthur Millers Major Plays, while at NYU, you get Rock Music and the Microchip and Performers, Play and Agency: Yoruba Ritual Process. Whatever their differences, eclectic is the operative word in both performance studies departments. To begin with, theyre staffed with faculty from all walks of academia. Northwestern houses specialists in everything from urban anthropology (Conquergood) to real live theatre (Frank Galati and Paul Edwards). NYU has Schechner, a ground-breaking theatre practitioner and theoretician; popular culture historian Brooks McNamara; dance scholars Marcia B. Siegel and Deborah Jowitt; folklorist Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett; and feminist theorist Peggy Phelan. This range of instructors attracts students with similarly eclectic backgrounds. Take NYU doctoral candidate Edward David Miller. He started out as a French literary theorist, moved into poetry and performance, and now works on the editorial staff of TDR to help offset his tuition and living expenses. The typical performance studies student is either, like Miller, a comparative literature or anthropology scholar with an artistic bent, or a former MFA student whos looking for intellectual challenge. Ensconced in an aggressively multidisciplinary department, inquiring minds like Millers are free to run wild. In preparation for his dissertation, Miller is investigating alien abductions, and how theyve been represented in movies and in radio and stage plays. He explains: Im interested in peopleprimarily menwho believe theyve been taken over by alien beings. My focus is not so much on whether its true or not, nor whether these men are pathologically crazy, but what in fact the stories are that theyre telling, and how theyre telling them. And how that relates to an anxiety about masculinity, an anxiety about nationalism, and an anxiety about foreignness.' So what do you do when youve graduated from a program that few people have ever heard of, clutching an impeccably documented dissertation on alien abductions? Ill have no choice but to stay in academia, Miller admits. Conquergood claims theres no shortage of academic jobs for qualified performance studies graduates: Weve got people teaching at Ithaca College, University of Illinois, Southern Illinois University. They usually end up being performance studies specialists within a larger department, such as speech or speech communications, or sometimes humanities or English. Other performance studies students find jobs as archivists, dramaturgs, or arts or cultural critics. Their training is so rich and broad, in Roachs words, that most graduates have no trouble findingor inventingtheir niche in the professional world. And before long, there may be more performance studies programs to employ some of the graduates that NYU and Northwestern are turning out. Cal Arts, for instance, has just hired two performance studies post-doctoral scholars (one from each school). Northwestern alumna Della Pollock is teaching at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and NYUs Ann Daly teaches in an inter-disciplinary (theatre, dance and anthropology) program at the University of Texas at Austin. Conquergood is convinced that theres no better time to be engaged in performance studies. Theres never been a moment when the diverging intellectual currents have been more inviting, he says, because of the rise of cultural studies and the more positive aspects of the deconstructivist movement. English departments and other departments that used to be absolutely scriptocentric are now very, very open to performance. The PMLA even commissioned a special issue on performance. When I was a graduate student, that would have been unthinkable.